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• around 3100 BC the two lands were united under a single king or Pharaoh
• Pharaoh was all powerful worshipped as a god and intimately connected to the other major Egyptian god and goddesses
• Egyptians relied on a harmony and balance of the universe, which they called "maat"
• Pharaohs had multiple wives
• women could inheret money and land and could divorce their husbands, though ony a tiny few every wielded real political power
• earliest Egyptians writing formed c. 3100 BC and were small pictures known as hieroglyphs
• hieroglyphs represented religious words, or parts of words, and most commonly adorned temples
• hieratic script was a shorthand developed by scribes and priests
• papyrus, the precursor to paper, was stored in scrolls 
• Egyptians astronomers created a calendar with 12 months and 365 days to make better sense of the seasonal cycle
• wooden sailboats were constructed to increase transport ability on the Nile
• the pyramids were massive stone tombs originally covered in marble but the marble was later stripped off during the muslim conquet